tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91358806261304574252024-02-18T23:56:50.733-08:00Nishant LinuxA Blog About Linux and Linux Trouble shooting ,enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-2807727267450184402015-10-23T01:16:00.001-07:002015-10-23T01:16:49.431-07:00[RHEL]Recover Boot If fstab corrupt or Read Only File system Error [without boot from CD/DVD]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
[RHEL`]Recover Boot If fstab corrupt or Read Only File system Error [without boot from CD/DVD]<br />
<br />
Dear Friends If you stuck problem in boot RHEL by wrong or corrupt entry in /etc/fstab and trick "single user mode" not working cause of "Read Only FileSystem" Here is the solution<br />
without using bootable media<br />
<br />Just follow these easy step.<br />
<br />
Problem Happened cause :<br />
<br />
You are stuck at Recovery Mode (CTRL+D) and when you try to edit /etc/fstab its not done by :wq! option cause / is on readonly mode.<br />
<br />
Then you would try for "Single user mode". Its also not working then.. hmm what would you do now...<br />
<br />
Solution ::<br />
<br />
1. Reboot<br />
2. On Boot Loader RHEL option "Press a" (this is for append that line on boot time)<br />
3. add init=/bin/bash end of the line after a space. (to change shell)<br />
4. then Enter or "press b" to boot it .<br />
5. Now system will boot and will stop and Recovery Mode (CTRL+D)<br />
6. just enter root password and you will get the # prompt.<br />
7. Now run this command for mount / partition rw mode.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><code></code></span><div style="text-align: left;">
8. mount -o remount,rw /</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
9. now make changes in /etc/fstab and save and exit ,,, Reboot normally.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
10. Your problem will be solved if follow set properly.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Thanks</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><code></code></span><code> </code><br />
<code> </code></div>
Enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/07327519945229693174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-35501213597711563442013-05-08T02:43:00.000-07:002013-05-08T02:43:54.655-07:00Linux Which Command, Whatis Command, Whereis Command Examples<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="headline_area">
<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
12 Linux Which Command, Whatis Command, Whereis Command Examples</h1>
<div class="headline_meta">
<abbr class="published" title="2013-04-23"><br /></abbr></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 7px 0px 6px 0px; padding: 5px;">
<div style="float: left;">
</div>
<div style="float: left; padding: 2px; width: 90px;">
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
This Linux tutorial will explain the three “W” commands. The three “W”s are whatis, whereis and which commands.<br />
<span id="more-12362"></span><br />
You already know how to use <a href="http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/03/15-practical-linux-find-command-examples/">find command</a> to efficiently fo find a file. <br />
Now, these three W commands will help you to locate more stuff from Linux command line.<br />
<h2>
I. Linux whatis Command</h2>
Whatis command is helpful to get brief information about Linux
commands or functions. Whatis command displays man page single line
description for command that matches string passed as a command line
argument to whatis command. Whatis command searches for string in its
index databases which is maintained by mandb program. Whatis command
picks short description of NAME section of man page of command that
matches to input given to the whatis command.<br />
Whatis provides several command line options to help user in getting
brief information of specific Linux commands as per their need or
interest.<br />
Syntax:<br />
<pre>$ whatis [-options]</pre>
For example, here is the output of whatis command, when it is run without any option.<br />
<pre>$ whatis write
write (1) - send a message to another user
write (2) - write to a file descriptor</pre>
It displays brief information about “write” from man pages.<br />
<h3>
1. Get information from specific sections of man pages using -s option</h3>
If we want to get Linux command information from specific section of
man pages, then we can provide sections list using “-s or —sections or
–section” option. It will restrict whatis command to display brief
information from specified man page section only.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -s "1","2" open
open (1) - start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT).
open (2) - open and possibly create a file or device</pre>
It displays open command and function brief information from man page sections 1 and 2.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -s "2" open
open (2) - open and possibly create a file or device</pre>
It displays open function brief information from man page section 2.<br />
<h3>
2. Search information through wild-cards using -w option</h3>
If we want to search Linux commands or functions information using
wild card, then whatis command gives “-w or –wildcard” option. It will
make your search specific as per user’s need.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -w 'ab*'
abort (3) - cause abnormal process termination
abs (3) - compute the absolute value of an integer</pre>
It displays brief information of Linux commands or functions which start from “ab”.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -w 'ab?'
abs (3) - compute the absolute value of an integer</pre>
It displays brief information of Linux commands or functions which start from “ab” and followed by any single character.<br />
<h3>
3. Search information through regular expressions using -r option</h3>
If we want to search Linux commands or functions information using
regular expressions, then whatis command gives “-r or –regex” option. It
will give flexibility to customize your search for Linux commands or
functions throughout the Linux system.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -r '^ab'
abort (3) - cause abnormal process termination
abs (3) - compute the absolute value of an integer</pre>
It displays brief information of Linux commands or functions which start from “ab”.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -r 'ab$'
anacrontab (5) - configuration file for anacron
baobab (1) - A graphical tool to analyse disk usage
crontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users (Vixie Cron)
crontab (5) - tables for driving cron
fstab (5) - static information about the filesystems
inittab (5) - init daemon configuration
swab (3) - swap adjacent bytes
tc-stab (8) - Generic size table manipulations</pre>
It displays brief information of Linux commands or functions which ends with “ab”.<br />
<h3>
4. Disable trimmed output using -l option</h3>
Generally whatis command trims long output of Linux commands or
functions information to avoid “Not good” output display on terminal
that is going beyond screen. To allow whatis command to show complete
output on screen, “-l or –long” option can be used.<br />
<pre>$ whatis ssh-import-id
ssh-import-id (1) - retrieve one or more public keys from a public keyserver (Launchpad.net by default) and append them to the current user's authorized_keys file (or some other specifie...</pre>
It displays trimmed output of brief information of Linux command.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -l ssh-import-id
ssh-import-id (1) - retrieve one or more public keys from a public keyserver (Launchpad.net by default) and append them to the current user's authorized_keys file (or some other specified file)</pre>
It displays complete output of brief information of Linux command.<br />
<h3>
5. Restrict search up to specified path using -M option</h3>
By default, whatis command uses $MANPATH environment variable. But
whatis provides “-M or –manpath” option to restrict search up to
specified path of man pages.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -M /usr/share/man hexdump
hexdump (1) - ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump</pre>
It displays brief information of Linux hexdump command from man pages available at path /usr/share/man.<br />
<pre>$ whatis -M /usr/man hexdump
hexdump: nothing appropriate.</pre>
It could not find brief information of Linux hexdump command from specified path /usr/man.<br />
<h2>
II. Linux whereis Command</h2>
Whereis command is helpful to <a href="http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2012/03/locate-command-examples/">locate</a>
binary, source and manual pages of commands in the Linux system. It is
very simple utility and provides several options which are given below
with examples.<br />
Syntax:<br />
<pre>$ whereis [-options]</pre>
For example, whereis command is run without any option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis open
open: /bin/open /usr/share/man/man1/open.1.gz /usr/share/man/man2/open.2.gz</pre>
It locates binary, source and man pages of “open” command and here it
displayed paths where binary, man pages of open command is available in
the system.<br />
<h3>
6. Locate binaries using -b option</h3>
If we want to locate binary of Linux command, use “-b” option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -b whereis
whereis: /usr/bin/whereis /usr/bin/X11/whereis</pre>
It locates binary of “whereis” command and displays paths where binary of command is available in the system.<br />
<h3>
7. Locate man pages for a command using -m option</h3>
If we want to locate man page of Linux command, use “-m” option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -m whereis
whereis: /usr/share/man/man1/whereis.1.gz</pre>
It locates man page of “whereis” command and displays path where man page of command is available in the system.<br />
<h3>
8. Locate source of a command using -s option</h3>
If we want to locate source of Linux command, use “-s” option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -s whereis
whereis:</pre>
It locates source of “whereis” command, but source of “whereis”
command does not exist in the system, so it did not display path for
source of command in the system.<br />
<h3>
9. Locate unusual entries using -u option</h3>
This option is something different that searches for unusual entries.
These entries are those command whose source, binary or man page does
not exist in the system as per options “[-bms]” specified along with
“–u”.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -m -u wcgrep
wcgrep:</pre>
It checks if specified command (i.e. wcgrep) man page does not exist
in the system. Whereis command with options “-m and -u” locates for the
commands in the system whose man page does not exist.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -m -u grep
$</pre>
Here, whereis command with same options is applied on “grep” command
whose man page exists in the system, so whereis returned nothing and
exits normally.<br />
<h3>
10. Locate binaries in a specified path using -B option</h3>
If user wants to search for binary and wants to limit the scope of
search for whereis command up to specified path, then use “-B” option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -B /bin -f for_loop
for_loop: /bin/for_loop</pre>
It locates binary of “for_loop” user program from path “/bin”.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -B /usr -f open
open: /usr/share/man/man1/open.1.gz /usr/share/man/man2/open.2.gz</pre>
If open command’s binary is not found at specified path, then it is
not shown but whereis command by default searches for other types (i.e.
man page and source) of specified command (i.e. open) and displays them
if found.<br />
<h3>
11. Locate man pages with limited scope using -M option</h3>
If user wants to search for man pages and wants to limit the scope of
search for whereis command up to specified path, then use “-M” option.<br />
<pre>$ whereis -M /usr/share/man/man1 -f open
open: /bin/open /usr/share/man/man1/open.1.gz
$ whereis -M /usr/share/man/man2 -f open
open: /bin/open /usr/share/man/man2/open.2.gz
$ whereis -M /usr/share/man/man3 -f open
open: /bin/open</pre>
Here, it is observed that whereis command is displaying man page of
“open” command which is available in specified path only. But, whereis
command by default searches for other types (i.e. binary and source) of
specified command (i.e. open) and displays them if found.<br />
<h2>
III. Linux which Command</h2>
Which command is very small and simple command to locate executables
in the system. It allows user to pass several command names as arguments
to get their paths in the system. “which” commands searches the path of
executable in system paths set in $PATH <a href="http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2012/07/linux-export-command-examples/">environment variable</a>.<br />
Syntax:<br />
<pre>$ which [-option]</pre>
For example,<br />
<pre>$ which ls gdb open grep
/bin/ls
/usr/bin/gdb
/bin/open
/bin/grep</pre>
It locates command names – “ls”, “gdb”, “open” and “grep” specified
as arguments to “which” command and displays paths of each executable
where it exists in the system.<br />
<h3>
12. Display all the paths using -a option</h3>
“which” command gives option “-a” that displays all paths of executable matching to argument.<br />
<pre>$ which echo
/usr/sbin/echo</pre>
Above will search display the executable “echo” from all paths set in
$PATH environment variable and displays the first path where echo
executable is found. It may be case that executable is placed at other
paths of $PATH environment variable as well. To get all paths where
executable is present in the system, “-a” option can be used.<br />
<pre>$ which -a echo
/usr/sbin/echo
/bin/echo</pre>
</div>
Enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/07327519945229693174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-3693968537801922902013-04-21T00:01:00.000-07:002013-04-21T00:01:00.438-07:00Linux Directory Structure<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title">
File System Structure. HRFS</h1>
<div class="entry-title" style="text-align: left;">
every thing starts with / (forward Slash) in Unix Family .</div>
<div class="entry-title" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQrcbadUYO3Nu44YaMOojAwLd0DqEove5pkETYOk93ihC7a7uBKytXjzwohKorDqGrblKCy5b5s1c7Gk4B2iAkCC7BpJIznqWt_EWL-PjxyFWqc-tkz8n1IN2DL6LB7I2qyj-rKqJdjhEh/s1600/filesystem-structure.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQrcbadUYO3Nu44YaMOojAwLd0DqEove5pkETYOk93ihC7a7uBKytXjzwohKorDqGrblKCy5b5s1c7Gk4B2iAkCC7BpJIznqWt_EWL-PjxyFWqc-tkz8n1IN2DL6LB7I2qyj-rKqJdjhEh/s640/filesystem-structure.png" width="436" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
1. / – Root</h3>
<ul>
<li>Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.</li>
<li>Only root user has write privilege under this directory.</li>
<li>Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
2. /bin – User Binaries</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains binary executables.</li>
<li>Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this directory.</li>
<li>Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.</li>
<li>For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
3. /sbin – System Binaries</h3>
<ul>
<li>Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.</li>
<li>But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.</li>
<li>For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon</li>
</ul>
<h3>
4. /etc – Configuration Files</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains configuration files required by all programs.</li>
<li>This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual programs.</li>
<li>For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf</li>
</ul>
<h3>
5. /dev – Device Files</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains device files.</li>
<li>These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.</li>
<li>For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0</li>
</ul>
<h3>
6. /proc – Process Information</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains information about system process.</li>
<li>This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running
process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about
the process with that particular pid.</li>
<li>This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime</li>
</ul>
<h3>
7. /var – Variable Files</h3>
<ul>
<li>var stands for variable files.</li>
<li>Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory.</li>
<li>This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database
files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock
files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp);</li>
</ul>
<h3>
8. /tmp – Temporary Files</h3>
<ul>
<li>Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.</li>
<li>Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
9. /usr – User Programs</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs.</li>
<li>/usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a
user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc,
less, scp</li>
<li>/usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you
can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For
example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel</li>
<li>/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin</li>
<li>/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For
example, when you install apache from source, it goes under
/usr/local/apache2</li>
</ul>
<h3>
10. /home – Home Directories</h3>
<ul>
<li>Home directories for all users to store their personal files.</li>
<li>For example: /home/john, /home/nikita</li>
</ul>
<h3>
11. /boot – Boot Loader Files</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains boot loader related files.</li>
<li>Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot</li>
<li>For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic</li>
</ul>
<h3>
12. /lib – System Libraries</h3>
<ul>
<li>Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin</li>
<li>Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*</li>
<li>For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7</li>
</ul>
<h3>
13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>opt stands for optional.</li>
<li>Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.</li>
<li>add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
14. /mnt – Mount Directory</h3>
<ul>
<li>Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
15. /media – Removable Media Devices</h3>
<ul>
<li>Temporary mount directory for removable devices.</li>
<li>For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives; /media/cdrecorder for CD writer</li>
</ul>
<h3>
16. /srv – Service Data</h3>
<ul>
<li>srv stands for service.</li>
<li>Contains server specific services related data.</li>
<li>For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="entry-title" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/07327519945229693174noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-4751592739623370232013-03-09T01:41:00.001-08:002013-03-09T01:41:25.275-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03990577822196826580noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-9759183986989269662012-09-28T01:21:00.001-07:002013-05-08T02:46:21.933-07:00Configure "ACTIVE DIRECTORY SERVER" with Samba PDC + OpenLDAP on SUSE LINUX (PART 2)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/samba-pdc.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1189" height="375" src="http://vavai.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/samba-pdc.jpg" title="samba-pdc" width="500" /></a><br />
<b>SETTING LDAP CLIENT</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Click YAST | Network Services | LDAP Client</li>
<li>Click <b>Use LDAP</b> pada <b>User Authentication</b></li>
<li>Fill in Address with server IP or by using 127.0.0.1 as default address</li>
<li>Mark <b>LDAP TLS/SSL </b>option checked if you choose to
use TLS/SSL on previous tutorial, or vice versa, leave it unchecked if
you choose to not use TLS on previous tutorial <b><br />
</b></li>
<li>Fill in LDAP Base DN (dc=namadomain, dc=tld, ex : dc=vavai,dc=co,dc=id). You may also get the LDAP Base DN by clicking <b>Fetch DN </b>button</li>
<li>Leave others option as is<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap8.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1083" height="465" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap8.png" title="pdc-ldap8" width="449" /></a></li>
<li>Click <b>Advanced Configuration</b></li>
<li>Change <b>Password Change Protocol</b> to MD5</li>
<li>Leave option <b>Group Member Attribute = Member</b> unchanged<br />
<b> `<br />
</b><a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap9.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1084" height="465" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap9.png" title="pdc-ldap9" width="449" /></a><b><br />
</b></li>
<li>Click <b>Administration Setting</b></li>
<li>Fill in cn=Administrator on <b>Administrator DN</b>. Don’t forget to give a check on <b>Append Base DN </b>option</li>
<li>Mark a check on <b>Create Default Configuration Objects </b>option<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap10.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1085" height="465" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap10.png" title="pdc-ldap10" width="449" /></a></li>
<li>Click OK</li>
<li>Click OK</li>
</ol>
<span id="more-1186"></span><br />
<b>SETTING SAMBA SERVER PRIMARY DOMAIN CONTROLLER (PDC)</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Open YAST | Network Services | Samba Server</li>
<li>Fill in workgroup/domain name on first wizard. I’m usingdomain <a href="http://vavai.com/">vavai.co.id</a> as my workgroup name. Click <b>Next</b><br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap11.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1090" height="362" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap11.png" title="pdc-ldap11" width="440" /></a></li>
<li>On <b>Samba Server Type</b> option, choose <b>Primary Domain Controller (PDC)</b>. Click Next</li>
<li>On start-up tab, choose <b>Service Start During Boot</b> option, so Samba will automatically started on boot. Don’t forget to click <b>Open Port in Firewall </b>if you use firewall on intranet zone<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap12.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1091" height="362" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap12.png" title="pdc-ldap12" width="440" /></a></li>
<li>Move to <b>LDAP Setting</b> tab.</li>
<li>Click on <b>Use LDAP Password Back-End</b></li>
<li>Fill in Administrator DN and password setting (cn=Administrator,dc=vavai,dc=co,dc=id, adjust it with your domain name). Click <b>Test Connection</b> to test LDAP server connection. If test result is failed, recheck your configuration setting.<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap13.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1092" height="422" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap13.png" title="pdc-ldap13" width="466" /></a></li>
<li>Click OK and then fill in Samba root /Administrator password<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap14.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1093" height="234" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap14.png" title="pdc-ldap14" width="281" /></a></li>
</ol>
<b>SETTING USER NAME & PASSWORD</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Click on <b>YAST | Security and Users | User & Group Management</b></li>
<li>Click <b>Expert Options | LDAP User & Group Configuration</b> option on bottom-right-corner menu</li>
<li>Fill in LDAP Admin password (see whether your bind DN configuration has setup correctly)</li>
<li>Move to Configuration Module, and then choose <b>userconfiguration</b><br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap15.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1094" height="434" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap15.png" title="pdc-ldap15" width="462" /></a></li>
<li>Change <b>susemaxpasswordlength</b> with your maximum password length</li>
<li>Change <b>suseminpasswordlength</b> with your minimum password length</li>
<li>Change susepasswordhash from SSHA to SMD5</li>
<li>Click OK</li>
<li>Click on <b>Set Filter </b>option on top-right-corner menu and choose <b>LDAP Users</b>. This will display all LDAP user list, currently are empty because we have create any user yet</li>
<li>Click <b>Add</b></li>
<li>Fill in user profile and password<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap16.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1095" height="434" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap16.png" title="pdc-ldap16" width="462" /></a></li>
<li>Click OK</li>
</ol>
Restart all service (or reboot your computer) to test all the
service. f you wish to join Windows workstation into Samba PDC+LDAP
domain, use the Samba root user name and password as Administrator user.
Share folder, Profile, netlogon and custom setting could be modified
within YAST | Network Services | Samba Server. Samba LDAP user could be
added or modify with the above procedure using YAST | Security &
Users | User & Group Management.</div>
enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-30596171422364532642012-09-28T01:18:00.002-07:002013-05-08T02:47:36.625-07:00Configure "ACTIVE DIRECTORY SERVER" with Samba PDC + OpenLDAP on SUSE LINUX (PART 1)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I have written <a href="http://vavai.net/2010/01/29/tutorial-samba-pdc-openldap-on-opensuse-11-1-%E2%80%93-part-6/">Samba PDC+OpenLDAP tutorial on openSUSE</a>
on previous article but the tutorial are based on manual configuration
and need too many steps to make it usable. Now, I want to share how to
make Samba PDC+OpenLDAP on openSUSE or SLES with automatic configuration
using the YAST way <img alt=":-)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://vavai.net/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif" /> . The tutorial should be easy to understand and and need a few step to make it ready for testing.<br />
<b>INSTALLING OPENSUSE</b><br />
Install openSUSE 11.2 with or without GUI, choose which one suitable
for your purpose. I’m using a GUI example because this tutorial intended
for student <img alt=":-)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://vavai.net/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif" /> . a Minimal server selection (text mode) maybe a better option for production server. Please refer to <a href="http://en.opensuse.org/INSTALL_Local">openSUSE 11.2 installation guide</a> if you need an assistance regarding openSUSE installation.<br />
Lucky for Indonesian <img alt=":-D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://vavai.net/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif" /> , I’ve written a PDF tutorial with clear explanation regarding openSUSE installation for this purpose : <a href="http://vavai.com/2010/03/21/tutorial-instalasi-opensuse-11-2-versi-server-berbasis-gui-2/">Tutorial Instalasi openSUSE 11.2 Versi Server Berbasis GUI</a><br />
<span id="more-1179"></span><br />
<b>INSTALLING LDAP SERVER</b><br />
Follow these wizard to install and configure LDAP server :<br />
<ol>
<li>Open YAST | Software | Software Management<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap1.png"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-1069 alignnone" height="269" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap1.png" title="pdc-ldap1" width="455" /></a></li>
<li>Choose View | Pattern</li>
<li>Scroll to Server Function</li>
<li>Give a checked mark on <b>File Server, DHCP and DNS Server, Directory Server (LDAP)</b><br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap2.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1070" height="375" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap2.png" title="pdc-ldap2" width="480" /></a></li>
<li>Click <b>Accept</b></li>
<li>openSUSE should be automatically detect dependency package. Click <b>Continue </b>to install selected package<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap3.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1071" height="389" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap3.png" title="pdc-ldap3" width="451" /></a></li>
<li>Close YAST and then open again. I take this step to make sure YAST refresh new package installation and add to it’s menu</li>
<li>Choose YAST | Network Service | LDAP Server</li>
<li>Click <b>Yes </b>on <b>Start LDAP Server. </b>Give it a check mark on <b>Open Port in Firewall</b> if you use firewall. Leave others as is and then click <b>Next</b><br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap4.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1072" height="388" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap4.png" title="pdc-ldap4" width="468" /></a></li>
<li>Click <b>Enable TLS </b>and then create TLS Certificate by using <b>Launch CA Management Module </b>button and follow the wizard. Leave it unchecked if you wish to use LDAP without TLS connection.<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap5.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1073" height="388" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap5.png" title="pdc-ldap5" width="468" /></a></li>
<li>On basic database setting fill in the default database setting :
<div class="syntaxhighlighter " id="highlighter_64338">
<div class="bar">
<div class="toolbar">
<a class="item viewSource" href="http://vavai.net/2010/03/how-to-samba-pdcopenldap-on-opensusesles-part-1/#viewSource" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" title="view source">view source</a><a class="item printSource" href="http://vavai.net/2010/03/how-to-samba-pdcopenldap-on-opensusesles-part-1/#printSource" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" title="print">print</a><a class="item about" href="http://vavai.net/2010/03/how-to-samba-pdcopenldap-on-opensusesles-part-1/#about" style="height: 16px; width: 16px;" title="?">?</a></div>
</div>
<div class="lines">
<div class="line alt1">
<code class="number">01.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Database Type : hdb</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt2">
<code class="number">02.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Base DN : dc=domainname, dc=tld</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt1">
<code class="number">03.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Example :</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt2">
<code class="number">04.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">If my domain = vavai.co.id, configuration will be like </code><code class="keyword bold">this</code> <code class="plain">: Base DN = dc=vavai, dc=co, dc=id</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt1">
<code class="number">05.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">If my domain = vavai.com, configuration will be like </code><code class="keyword bold">this</code> <code class="plain">: Base DN = dc=vavai, dc=com</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt2">
<code class="number">06.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Administrator DN : cn= Administrator. Leave Append Base DN option checked</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt1">
<code class="number">07.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Don't forget to fill your LDAP Password</code></span></span></div>
<div class="line alt2">
<code class="number">08.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="line alt1">
<code class="number">09.</code><span class="content"><span class="block" style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><code class="plain">Also, leave a check mark on </code><code class="string">"Use this database as the default for OpenLDAP"</code></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Click Next if all setting has been completed.<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap6.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1074" height="388" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap6.png" title="pdc-ldap6" width="468" /></a></li>
<li>Click Finish<br />
`<br />
<a class="highslide" href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap7.png"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1075" height="388" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap7.png" title="pdc-ldap7" width="468" /></a></li>
</ol>
<b>ADD SAMBA SCHEMA</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Open YAST | Network Services | LDAP Server</li>
<li>Click <b>Schema Files</b> on left pane menu</li>
<li>Click Add and add <b>Samba3.Schema</b> so we will have following LDAP Schema : schema, core, cosine, inetorgperson, rfc2307bis,yast and samba3<br />
`<br />
<a href="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap-schema.png"><img alt="" height="351" src="http://vavai.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/pdc-ldap-schema.png" title="pdc-ldap-schema" width="450" /></a></li>
<li>Click OK</li>
</ol>
Next Tutorial are LDAP Client Configuration</div>
enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-30875745640870334002011-11-23T04:53:00.000-08:002011-11-23T04:53:29.212-08:0010 Things New Linux Users Must Know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<table style="background-color: white; color: #808285; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"> <span style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">There are some basics that every new Linux users must know. These 10 must-know points ensure that the new users in the community get the concepts clear and right.<br />
<br />
<b>1. Linux is just an operating system</b><br />
Since a majority of work is done through a Web browser, it makes the relevance of an operating system almost irrelevant. According to a ZDNet report, If an operating system is capable of running a browser, it lives in the background, without being noticed as much. Of course, this is an ideal situation as an operating system is nothing more a layer between user applications and hardware.<br />
<br />
<b>2. It's much different from Windows</b><br />
New users are advised not to expect Windows-like behaviour from Linux. Trouble arises only when a user expects an operating system to behave like another operating system. New users just need to be prepared to encounter different behaviours from what they have been experiencing.<br />
</span><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">3. There is no 'C' drive</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Linux comes with a perfectly logical directory hierarchy, unlike Windows. Users need to get used to this issue. There is only one main directory that the users should know: /home/USERNAME (Where USERNAME is their name). Most modern distributions create certain directories within the users home directory like Documents, Pictures, Music, Video. Those subdirectories speak for themselves, and new users find it easy to locate them to function properly. With Linux, the home directory is the only place on the file system where they can save files.</span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">4. Installing software is different from others</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">The PC users, who are used to searching for software on the net, downloading the .exe file, double-clicking it, and waiting for the software installation to complete, for them Linux distributions are different. Linux comes complete with their own special tool that will do all of that for them. The users just need to open the Add/Remove Software tool, search for a piece of software, and install it. New users may like the sheer amount of software that is available for installing.</span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">5. No need to learn the bunch of commands</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Linux users are not required to learn a bunch of commands. Modern Linux distributions allow the users to live their entire Linux lives and never touch the command line. The command line is there, but it is good only for those who want to use it. Almost all the actions in Linux can be handled through a GUI.</span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">6. No chances of malware infections</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Viruses and malware infections were a thing of the past. Your machine will not be at risk even if you don't see AVG or SEP in the notification tray. Linux users must make sure that their colleagues using Windows are not cavalier about forwarding email attachments to them.</span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">7. It's free</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Who says free cannot be good! Linux is free and millions of its users vouch for the fact that it works perfect. It is not only better for the society, but also your computer.</span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">8. Change, if you don't like it</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Unlike Windows and Mac, users of Linux can change it whenever they wish to. Linux has great flexibility in this regard. </span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">9. Hardware is not always created equal</b><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Not every piece of hardware can work with Linux. For those pieces of hardware where an issue persists, it is sometimes as simple as downloading proprietary drivers which the new users don't usually mind, but they need to take enough. </span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><b style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;">10: Resort to Google for help</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: small;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;">Consider Google as your best buddy when you use Linux. When there is a problem Google can guide the right way. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></td><td valign="top"><img alt="linux, Linux operating system, Windows, operating system, computer hardware, ubuntu" border="1" height="150" src="http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/Linux%20developers.jpg" width="150" /><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-16870980099086183802011-10-03T15:20:00.000-07:002011-10-03T15:20:11.110-07:00Samba Configuration Basic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><strong>Introduction</strong><br />
Samba can be used to allow connectivity between Linux and Windows(95,98,NT,2000). Samba can be used to share printers, share directories, connect to an NT domain, and many other useful features. However, this tutorial explains the steps involved in basic configuring Samba for file and print sharing. For more complex topics, visit the <a href="http://www.samba.org/">Samba website</a> or type the command <code>man smb.conf</code> on a Linux machine with Samba installed. Configuring Samba is done by editing the configuration file <code>/etc/smb.conf</code> that is usually located under the <code>/etc</code> directory. Everytime you modify this file, Samba must be restarted for the changes to take effect.<br />
<strong>Basic Samba Information</strong><br />
<strong>Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Samba</strong><br />
Most Linux distributions come with scripts to start, stop, and restart Samba properly. If yours does not, use the commands under the Optional Commands column<br />
<br />
<table border="1"><tbody>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><strong>Runlevel Script</strong></td> <td><strong>Optional Command</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Start Samba</strong></td> <td><code>/etc/rc.d/init.d/samba start</code></td> <td><code>/usr/sbin/smbd -D</code> and <code>/usr/sbin/nmbd -D</code></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Stop Samba</strong></td> <td><code>/etc/rc.d/init.d/samba stop</code></td> <td><code>killall -TERM smbd</code> and <code>killall -TERM nmbd</code></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><strong>Restart Samba</strong></td> <td><code>/etc/rc.d/init.d/samba restart</code></td> <td><code>killall -HUP smbd</code> and <code>killall -HUP nmbd</code></td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><strong>Samba Log Files</strong><br />
All Samba actions such as login attempts and file transfers can be logged in the /var/log/samba directory. Under this directory the actions are logged by machine name. For example, all actions from the machine named “Morpheus” are logged in the file <code>/var/log/samba/log.morpheus</code>. User actions can also be logged under two files named <code>/var/log/log.smb</code> and <code>/var/log/log.nmb</code>. This is configured in the <code>smb.conf</code> file using the option <code>log file</code>. For example, to log actions by machine name use the following line:<br />
<code>log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m</code><br />
<strong>Windows Workgroup</strong><br />
You can specify which Windows Network Neighborhood Workgroup your Linux machine is seen in and the description of the machine by editing the following lines in <code>smb.conf</code>:<br />
<code>workgroup = WORKGROUPNAME<br />
server string = MACHINE DESCRIPTION</code><br />
<strong>Access Control</strong><br />
<code>smb.conf</code> can be used to allow and deny access by IP addresses. This is done by listing IP addresses or subnets on the lines beginning with <code>hosts allow</code> and <code>hosts deny</code>. Examples:<br />
<table border="1"><tbody>
<tr> <td><strong>Example</strong></td> <td><strong>Explanation</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><code>hosts allow 192.168.10.0/255.255.255.0</code></td> <td>Allow all hosts in the given network/netmask</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><code>hosts allow 160.210 EXCEPT 160.210.24.56</code></td> <td>Allow all hosts beginning with 160.210 except 160.210.24.56</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><code>hosts allow 192.168.10 192.168.20</code></td> <td>allow all hosts beginning with 192.168.10 or 192.168.20</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><code>hosts deny 130.74</code></td> <td>deny all hosts beginning with 130.74</td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><strong>Using Samba with Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3 or higher</strong><br />
Samba can be configured to send plain-text passwords or encrypted passwords. The Microsoft SMB protocol originally used plain-text passwords. However, with Service Pack 3 or higher for Windows NT 4.0, they changed the protocol to use encrypted passwords. Samba must be configured for this to connect to Windows NT 4.0 machines. One way to do this is to modify the NT registry; however, if you choose this option all NT machines must be configured to use plain-text passwords which is time-consuming and might cause conflicts elsewhere. The easy way to handle this is to configure Samba to send encrypted passwords. This can be done with the following steps:<br />
<ol><li>Create a separate password file for Samba based on your <code>/etc/passwd</code> file. This will create Samba users for every user that already exists on your system. To do this by executing the command <code>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh > /etc/smbpasswd</code>. The script should be in the <code>/usr/bin</code> directory or you can get it <a href="http://www.linuxheadquarters.com/howto/howto/networking/mksmbpasswd.sh">here</a>.</li>
<li>Make sure only root has permission to read and write to the Samba password file with the command <code>chmod 600 smbpasswd</code>.</li>
<li>The script does not copy the passwords. To set the Samba password for each users thus enabling their Samba accounts, use the command <code>smbpasswd <em>username</em></code> for each user.</li>
<li>Edit the <code>smb.conf</code> file to include the two lines<br />
<code>encrypt passwords = yes</code><br />
<code>smb passwd file = /etc/smbpasswd</code></li>
<li>Restart Samba with <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d/smb restart</code></li>
</ol><strong>Print Sharing from Linux to Windows</strong><br />
The following section is usually included in the sample <code>smb.conf</code> that allows printers defined in the <code>/etc/printcap</code> file to be shared. If not add/uncomment the following lines in <code>smb.conf</code>:<br />
<code> [printers]<br />
comment = All Printers<br />
path = /var/spool/samba<br />
browseable = no<br />
</code><br />
Then, just restart Samba and add the Linux printer to a Windows machine as you would any other Window’s shared printer. The printer name will be the same name specified in the <code>/etc/printcap</code> file such as <code>lp</code>.<br />
<strong>Creating a Common Share Directory for Multiple Users</strong><br />
You can create a share directory more than one user has permission to view. This is similar to a Linux/Unix group definition. The best way to explain this is to show an example:<br />
<code> [myshare]<br />
comment = Share for John and Sam<br />
path = /usr/share<br />
valid users = john sam<br />
public = no<br />
writable = yes<br />
printable = no<br />
create mask = 0765<br />
</code><br />
This shares the directory <code>/usr/share</code> for only the users john and sam. It is writable which means both john and sam have write permissions to the shared directory. Any files/directories created in the shared directory will have the permission 0765.<br />
<strong>Connecting to a Samba Machine in Linux</strong><br />
To connect to a Samba machine (Windows or Linux running Samba) from the command line, execute the command (replace <code>MACHINENAME</code> and <code>sharename</code> with the appropriate values)<br />
<code>smbclient //MACHINENAME/sharename</code><br />
If you want to pass a different username to the Samba Server, execute the command (replace <code>username</code> with your username).<br />
<code>smbclient //MACHINENAME/sharename -U username</code><br />
If a password is associated with the username, you will be prompted for it. Once you are authorized by the SMB protocol, you will be at a <code>smb: \></code> prompt. This is similar to an ftp session where <code>get, put, pwd, ls</code>, etc. can be used to navigate. Type <code>help</code> for a list of commands.<br />
<strong>Configuring Windows Machines</strong><br />
Connect to a Linux machine running Samba the same way you connect to any Windows machine – browse through Network Neighboorhood or Windows Explorer entering a password if required. Note: Windows 95/98 only prompts for a password and assumes the Windows Login name as the username. You need to either create a user on your Linux box with your Windows Login or create a Windows Login with the same username on your Linux machine. Optionally, you can have the Windows Login and password for Windows 95/98/NT/2000 be the same as your Linux Samba username and password and it will not prompt for a password. Obviously, this is a security issue if others have access to your system.</div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-27828055534163419812010-12-31T00:24:00.000-08:002010-12-31T00:24:46.686-08:00Linux Filesystem Tune-upIf the thought of getting up at 3AM on "Black Friday" and dragging yourself across town to stand in line for sales doesn't fill you with the holiday spirit, why not spend your weekend doing something more meaningful, like cleaning up your Linux filesystems? To be sure, a modern Linux file server probably isn't in need of being torn down and rebuilt, but if you're like a lot of us, you partitioned those disks several releases ago with lofty intentions of leveraging extents, delayed allocation, B+ trees, and all sorts of other advanced features, only to let them languish at their default settings instead. Well, the time to tune the filesystem is now: grab a storage medium, a terminal, and optionally a turkey leg, and let's get to work.<br />
We can break down the task by looking at each advanced filesystem in turn. You may run Ext4 on all of your disks, but you may also have a mix of other modern filesystems in there, too. In order to not get confused, run <code>mount -l</code> and jot down the device name (e.g., /dev/sda6) and filesystem (whatever is listed right after "type" in the output) for each mounted disk, then consult the appropriate section.<br />
<h3> XFS</h3>The <a href="http://xfs.org/">XFS</a> filesystem originally written for Irix at Silicon Graphics is designed to be high-performance, especially when dealing with "large" files. That makes it a good choice for your media server, perhaps, but not the best option for managing your public source code repository. XFS is included by default in most distros, but make sure you also install the main XFS utilities, the "xfsprogs" package.<br />
One of the easiest things you can do is defragment an XFS filesystem. Because XFS is optimized for high disk throughput, it slows down when files are split up into multiple, spread out sectors on the disk. XFS's xfs_fsr tool can defragment a mounted partition without interrupting other work. Just run <code>sudo xfs_fsr -v /your/mount/point</code> to start the process. The utility will make multiple passes through the partition, noting the most fragmented files on each pass, and moving the top 10% of them on the list each time. By default it runs for two hours, though you can change this with the <code>-t numberofseconds</code> flag. You get the best results the first time you run it; on subsequent runs there will be fewer and fewer fragmented files to consolidate.<br />
Moving forward, you can improve performance by changing the pre-allocation chunk size when you mount the filesystem. Edit <code>/etc/fstab</code> and add the <code>allocsize=X</code> option to the options list for the filesystem. A large value for X, like <code>1G</code> will give you the smoothest allocated files.<br />
Another helpful feature of XFS that is not enabled by default is disk quotas. You can assign quotas on a per-user, per-group, or per-directory basis — the latter is referred to officially as "project quotas" — with the <a href="http://linux.die.net/man/8/xfs_quota">xfs_quota</a> utility. Using this feature you can reign in troublesome processes by, for example, setting a quota on /var/spool/mycrazyserver. You would do this by assigning a project number to the chosen directory in /etc/projects (such as <code>101:/var/spool/mycrazyserver</code>), then mounting the disk with quota support turned on: <code>mount -o prjquota /dev/sda9 /var</code>.<br />
Finally, activate the quota with <code>xfs_quota -x -c 'project -s 101' /var/spool/mycrazyserver; xfs_quota -x -c 'limit -p bhard=20g 101' /var/spool/mycrazyserver</code>. The "bhard" setting indicates a hard limit of 20 gigabytes for the specified directory. You can also specify a soft limit, in which case going over the limit is logged, but is not enforced. That might be a nicer option to start off with for user limits.<br />
Although XFS is a journaling filesystem, that does not free you from the responsibility of making backups and restoring from them. Buy you do not have to reply on external tools like rsync; instead, <a href="http://linux.die.net/man/8/xfsdump">xfsdump</a> can back up an entire filesystem (complete with all of its extended attributes). Xfsdump can write to tape for those with traditional backup drives, but it works just as well copying to another directory when you chain it to xfsrestore. Just run <code>xfsdump -J - /directory/to/backup | xfsrestore -J /destination/directory</code>.<br />
If you are backing up a multi-user system or a running server, make sure that you suspend access to it first by running <code>xfs_freeze -f /directory/to/backup</code>, and "thaw" it out again once you are finished with <code>xfs_freeze -u /directory/to/backup</code>. XFS will temporarily suspend write access to the filesystem while it is frozen, but not destructively so — as soon as it thaws out, all frozen disk operations will continue.<br />
<h3> Ext4</h3>At the moment, <a href="https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/">Ext4</a> is the default filesystem for several popular desktop and server Linux distributions. It does not have as much in the way of fancy features as XFS, but there are still options at your disposal to tune performance. For example, there are three available journaling modes that you can select between at mount time.<br />
You can add <code>data=journal</code>, <code>data=ordered</code>, or <code>data=writeback</code> to your mount command to change the journaling behavior. The "journal" option is the most reliable; it logs both data and metadata in the journal before committing each write. The "ordered" mode journals the metadata as it is writing the data (which is the default behavior). The "writeback" mode only journals metadata, which makes it the fastest option, but at the expense of the possibility that the journal and the disk could get out of sync if there is a failure at just the wrong time.<br />
Ext4 also support pre-allocation via the "reservation" option; just add <code>reservation</code> to your mount command, such as <code>mount -t ext4 -o reservation /dev/sdb4 /my/data</code>. This allows the kernel to reserve space for a newly created file, rather than forcing an application (such as a P2P file download tool or a database) to do it; the result is that the filesystem can optimize the newly reserved space, making it a contiguous extent rather than fragmented.<br />
In case you're curious, you can check an Ext4 filesystem's fragmentation state with <code>e2freefrag /dev/your/filesystem</code>, but unfortunately there is no online defragmentation tool; there was an e2defrag several years ago, but it was never updated to handle the journaling features introduced by Ext3. Online defragmentation is slated to appear in future updates to Ext4.<br />
<h3> JFS</h3>The Journaled File System <a href="http://jfs.sourceforge.net/">JFS</a> also sports some features that you must study in order to take full advantage of. The filesystem is a standard part of the kernel these days, but you will also want to make sure you have installed the JFS tools package, named JFSutils.<br />
One of JFS's most interesting options is to store the filesystem journal on a separate device. This can improve both performance and reliability, because the journal is naturally the most written-to section of the disk, and is almost never physically adjacent to the blocks being changed by the filesystem operation.<br />
If you are newly creating your JFS filesystem, you can specify the journal location with the <em>-J</em> option. To select a different device, first create the journal with <code>jfs_mkfs -J journal_dev /heres/my/external/journal</code>, then create the filesystem to use it with <code>jfs_mkfs -J device=/heres/my/external/journal /dev/sdb5</code>.<br />
But what if you didn't realize that you had such an option when you first created the filesystem? That's where jfs_tune comes in. With jfs_tune, you can move the existing journal to a different device. You first need to create the external journal with the first jfs_mkfs command from the paragraph above. But then instead of creating a new filesystem, you simply tell the existing JFS filesystem to use it, with <code>jfs_tune -J device=/heres/my/external/journal /dev/sdb4</code>.<br />
<h3> ReiserFS</h3><a href="http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/">ReiserFS</a> version 3 is still popular in many Linux deployments, despite the uncertainty over the Reiser4 filesystem. Like Ext4, it can use writeback mode to speed up journal performance. The syntax is the same as Ext4's; just add <code>data=writeback</code> to the mount command. Or, alternately, choose <code>data=journal</code> to use the slowest, but most secure, journaling option.<br />
There is also a <code>nolog</code> option available which disables the journal entirely, which is the fastest possible option — but of course it comes at the cost of quick recoverability in the event of a crash.<br />
ReiserFS does some interesting tricks to prevent fragmentation, such as storing small files directly within the filesystem's tree rather than in separate blocks. You can disable this feature with the <code>notail</code> option, although in most cases, this slows down read and write performance.<br />
<h3> Anything Else</h3>If you are using anything other than the modern filesystems mentioned here, then although there are tools to help you tune many of the available options, your time might be better spent migrating your files to a new filesystem altogether. Certainly there are exceptions, such as special-purpose encrypted filesystems like EncFS or distributed filesystems like Coda, but the current work is all on even newer options like Btrfs, which will obsolete even the venerable XFS and Ext4.<br />
Nevertheless, if you need to get started, always begin by reading the manual page for mount with <code>man mount</code>. The section pertaining to your filesystem will list all of the supported mount-time options in the current Linux kernel. For the most part, you can try out these different options without worrying about rendering your system unbootable — although you still risk messing things up. From there, you can look for the filesystem's home page, which will delve deeper into the available utilities. Following that, a good bet is to search the Web for online resources for tweaking server performance — Red Hat, Novell, and most of the commercial distros all have such information available, and provide good coverage for older filesystems.<br />
Of course, if the filesystem you are interested in happens to be Ext3, then you have it even easier: just <a href="https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Howto#Converting_an_ext3_filesystem_to_ext4">update the filesystem in-place</a> to Ext4. It is forward-compatible, meaning that you will not lose any information. You can even enable most of Ext4's features, such as extents — however, once you do so, you can never go back to Ext3. But why would you do that anyway?enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-30977256888387235142010-11-09T13:15:00.000-08:002010-11-09T13:15:26.006-08:00Install GUI [GNOME2] on FreeBSD 8.1<h2 class="single-title">Installing gnome GUI on FreeBSD 8</h2>Most people seem to think installing a GUI on FreeBSD is a difficult task. Here’s how to do it, including little tweaks to make it work even better <img alt=";-)" class="wp-smiley" src="https://www.dan.me.uk/blog/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif" /> <br />
Login to your computer as root (or su to root from a regular user)<br />
Use your favourite editor (check my blog for instructions on using ‘ee’ which is included in FreeBSD) to edit <strong>/boot/loader.conf</strong> – add the following lines:<br />
<blockquote>linux_load=”YES”<br />
linprocfs_load=”YES”<br />
atapicam_load=”YES”</blockquote>This will load the linux compatibility layer, and linux procfs compatibility modules (these will most likely be used later when you need to install flash plugins) and also the ATAPI scsi emulation driver. This is used for cd/dvd recording tools within gnome.<br />
Next make sure that the linux proc folder exists by typing:<br />
<blockquote>mkdir -p /compat/linux/proc</blockquote>And now we will edit the <strong>/etc/fstab</strong> file. Add the following lines if they do not exist already:<br />
<blockquote>proc /proc procfs rw 0 0<br />
linproc /compat/linux/proc linprocfs rw 0 0</blockquote>Next, we will tell FreeBSD to initialise the linux compatibility layer on boot-up. Edit <strong>/etc/rc.conf</strong> and add:<br />
<blockquote>linux_enable=”YES”</blockquote>Ok, now you’re ready to install gnome. Make sure you’re connected to the internet, and type:<br />
<blockquote>pkg_add -r xorg gnome2</blockquote>This will install xorg (if needed) and gnome. It will fetch all dependencies it needs, so it may take a while. You will be returned to a prompt when it’s finished.<br />
Now to help things move along smoothly, you need to find out your computer’s hostname and add it to your hosts file… Run the following command to get your hostname:<br />
<blockquote>hostname</blockquote>Next edit <strong>/etc/hosts</strong> and add the following line at the bottom (replace ‘hostname’ with the output of the above command):<br />
<blockquote>127.0.0.1 hostname</blockquote>Now just one thing left to do, and that is to tell FreeBSD to load the gnome components next reboot… Edit <strong>/etc/rc.conf</strong> and add:<br />
<blockquote>gnome_enable=”YES”<br />
hald_enable=”YES”<br />
gdm_enable=”YES”<br />
dbus_enable=”YES”</blockquote>reboot, and you will be presented with the gnome login prompt <img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="https://www.dan.me.uk/blog/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif" />enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-36911712604508064932010-10-20T10:11:00.000-07:002010-10-20T10:11:15.454-07:00The Linux Foundation Links<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">==> This Week's Original Content from The Linux Foundation <==<br />
<br />
How Fast is Linux Growing in the Enterprise? Our New Report.<br />
Amanda McPherson<br />
Thanks to our work with its <a href="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/programs/advisory-councils/euc" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">End User Council</a> and other channels, we were able to solicit meaningful information that can inform Linux vendors, developers and the overall industry on what we can do to continue to advance Linux. Introducing the new report "Linux Adoption Trends: A Survey of Enterprise End Users..."<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/amanda-mcpherson/370482:how-fast-is-linux-growing-in-the-enterprise-our-new-report" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/news/<wbr></wbr>featured-blogs/amanda-<wbr></wbr>mcpherson/370482:how-fast-is-<wbr></wbr>linux-growing-in-the-<wbr></wbr>enterprise-our-new-report</a><br />
<br />
This Week's Enterprise Linux News<br />
Jennifer Cloer<br />
A weekly recap of the most significant enterprise Linux news and milestones. This week: Enterprise Linux study, Red Hat's new MRG, EMC's aggressive push and...<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/185:jennifer-cloer/371717:this-weeks-enterprise-linux-news" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/news/<wbr></wbr>featured-blogs/185:jennifer-<wbr></wbr>cloer/371717:this-weeks-<wbr></wbr>enterprise-linux-news</a><br />
<br />
Authentication in a Changing Heterogeneous Environment<br />
Sponsored by Centrify<br />
Linux.com Editorial Staff<br />
Tools, it should be noted, change. If they did not, as a rule, then very likely we would still be using stone knives and bearskins instead of working with these fancy computational devices made of metal, plastic, and sand. Or worse, doing all our authentication against NIS in enterprise environments...<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/news/technology-feature/security/370258:authentication-in-a-changing-heterogeneous-environment" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/news/<wbr></wbr>technology-feature/security/<wbr></wbr>370258:authentication-in-a-<wbr></wbr>changing-heterogeneous-<wbr></wbr>environment</a><br />
<br />
Set Sights for Windows: Linux Moving Beyond Unix Migration in the Enterprise<br />
Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier<br />
For years, Linux has enjoyed much of its success as a replacement for Unix. Companies turned to Linux to replace Unix servers, or for new deployments within a Unix-heavy environment. Linux is still king there, but it's starting to encroach on Microsoft as well...<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/biz-enterprise/370972:set-sights-for-windows-linux-moving-beyond-unix-migration-in-the-enterprise" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/news/<wbr></wbr>enterprise/biz-enterprise/<wbr></wbr>370972:set-sights-for-windows-<wbr></wbr>linux-moving-beyond-unix-<wbr></wbr>migration-in-the-enterprise</a><br />
<br />
Replace Outlook Webmail with Open Source Zarafa<br />
Jack Wallen<br />
Looking for a Webmail offering that's competitive with Microsoft's Outlook Web App (OWA), but available on Linux? One of the best Outlook alternatives for Linux is <a href="http://www.zarafa.com/" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">Zarafa</a>, a collaboration platform with support options for businesses that need a robust replacement for Exchange...<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/369684:exchange-like-web-email-with-zarafa" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/learn/<wbr></wbr>tutorials/369684:exchange-<wbr></wbr>like-web-email-with-zarafa</a><br />
<br />
Manage Google Services from the Command Line on Linux<br />
Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier<br />
I love Web services. I'm just not a fan of always having to use a browser as the interface for said services. Google's services have crept into my daily routine to the point that I'm using Gmail, Google Calendar, and Google Docs all the time. But I also like doing things from the command line, which is why I'm using <a href="http://code.google.com/p/googlecl/" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">GoogleCL</a> to connect to Google services from the command line. GoogleCL is a set of Python scripts that...<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/371342:manage-google-services-from-the-command-line-on-linux" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/learn/<wbr></wbr>tutorials/371342:manage-<wbr></wbr>google-services-from-the-<wbr></wbr>command-line-on-linux</a><br />
<br />
Weekend Project: Get Started with Btrfs<br />
Nathan Willis<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/371623:weekend-project-get-started-with-btrfs" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/learn/<wbr></wbr>tutorials/371623:weekend-<wbr></wbr>project-get-started-with-btrfs</a><br />
<br />
Early Halloween Guest<br />
Linus Torvalds<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/176:linus-torvalds/371030:early-halloween-guest" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/news/<wbr></wbr>featured-blogs/176:linus-<wbr></wbr>torvalds/371030:early-<wbr></wbr>halloween-guest</a><br />
<br />
==> Other News You Need to Know <==<br />
<br />
Intel Ups 4th Quarter Sales Forecast<br />
The San Francisco Chronicle<br />
<a href="http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-10-13/business/24132318_1_intel-tristan-gerra-third-quarter-revenue-forecast" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://articles.sfgate.com/<wbr></wbr>2010-10-13/business/24132318_<wbr></wbr>1_intel-tristan-gerra-third-<wbr></wbr>quarter-revenue-forecast</a><br />
<br />
Oracle Pledges Support for OpenOffice.org<br />
PCWorld<br />
<a href="http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/207656/oracle_pledges_support_for_openofficeorg.html" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.pcworld.com/<wbr></wbr>businesscenter/article/207656/<wbr></wbr>oracle_pledges_support_for_<wbr></wbr>openofficeorg.html</a><br />
<br />
Mozilla Gets New CEO<br />
International Business Times<br />
<a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/72599/20101016/mozila-ceo-companies.htm" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.ibtimes.com/<wbr></wbr>articles/72599/20101016/<wbr></wbr>mozila-ceo-companies.htm</a><br />
<br />
IBM Puts Power Systems in the Cloud<br />
SearchDataCenter.com<br />
<a href="http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/news/2240023044/IBM-puts-Power-systems-in-the-cloud-News-in-brief" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://searchdatacenter.<wbr></wbr>techtarget.com/news/<wbr></wbr>2240023044/IBM-puts-Power-<wbr></wbr>systems-in-the-cloud-News-in-<wbr></wbr>brief</a><br />
<br />
Microsoft Licenses Patents Created by Palm<br />
The Wall Street Journal<br />
<a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704696304575538373166065054.html" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://online.wsj.com/article/<wbr></wbr>SB1000142405274870469630457553<wbr></wbr>8373166065054.html</a><br />
<br />
Linux Starts to Eat Microsoft's Lunch in Servers<br />
GigaOm<br />
<a href="http://gigaom.com/2010/10/12/linux-starts-to-eat-microsofts-lunch-in-servers/" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://gigaom.com/2010/10/12/<wbr></wbr>linux-starts-to-eat-<wbr></wbr>microsofts-lunch-in-servers/</a><br />
<br />
==> From the Community <==<br />
<br />
The Multi-OS System<br />
Istimsak (Linux.com Moderator)<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/community/blogs/the-multi-os-system.html" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/<wbr></wbr>community/blogs/the-multi-os-<wbr></wbr>system.html</a><br />
<br />
Note to All NGOs: Please Don't Make a Mess with Microsoft Donations<br />
Marco Fioretti<br />
<a href="http://www.linux.com/community/blogs/note-to-all-ngos-please-dont-make-a-mess-with-microsoft-donations.html" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linux.com/<wbr></wbr>community/blogs/note-to-all-<wbr></wbr>ngos-please-dont-make-a-mess-<wbr></wbr>with-microsoft-donations.html</a><br />
<br />
==> Recently Posted Job Opportunities <==<br />
<br />
Talented Linux System Admin<br />
DG International (Belgium)<br />
<a href="http://jobs.linux.com/job/talented-linux-system-administrator-kapellen-antwerpen-dg-international-f5ec025af5/?d=1&source=site_home" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://jobs.linux.com/job/<wbr></wbr>talented-linux-system-<wbr></wbr>administrator-kapellen-<wbr></wbr>antwerpen-dg-international-<wbr></wbr>f5ec025af5/?d=1&source=site_<wbr></wbr>home</a><br />
<br />
Linux System Admin<br />
Savvis (Town & Country, MO)<br />
<a href="http://jobs.linux.com/job/linux-systems-administrator-town-country-mo-savvis-48b8b1dd2b/?d=1&source=site_home" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://jobs.linux.com/job/<wbr></wbr>linux-systems-administrator-<wbr></wbr>town-country-mo-savvis-<wbr></wbr>48b8b1dd2b/?d=1&source=site_<wbr></wbr>home</a><br />
<br />
==> Events <==<br />
<br />
10th Annual Linux Kernel Summit<br />
November 1-2, 2010<br />
Cambridge, MA<br />
<a href="http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-japan" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://events.linuxfoundation.<wbr></wbr>org/events/linux-kernel-summit</a><br />
<br />
3rd Annual Linux Plumbers Conference<br />
November 3-4, 2010<br />
Cambridge, MA<br />
<a href="http://www.linuxplumbersconf.org/2010/" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">http://www.linuxplumbersconf.<wbr></wbr>org/2010/</a><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
To unsubscribe from this newsletter, please visit<br />
<a href="https://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/briefing-book" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">https://lists.linux-<wbr></wbr>foundation.org/mailman/<wbr></wbr>listinfo/<span><span><span>briefing</span></span></span>-<span><span><span>book</span></span></span></a>.<br />
Thank you<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<span><span><span>Briefing</span></span></span>-<span><span><span>book</span></span></span> mailing list<br />
<a href="mailto:Briefing-book@lists.linux-foundation.org" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank"><span><span><span>Briefing</span></span></span>-<span><span><span>book</span></span></span>@lists.linux-<wbr></wbr>foundation.org</a><br />
<a href="https://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/briefing-book" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">https://lists.linux-<wbr></wbr>foundation.org/mailman/<wbr></wbr>listinfo/<span><span><span>briefing</span></span></span>-<span><span><span>book</span></span></span></a><br />
______________________________<wbr></wbr>_________________<br />
Briefing-book mailing list<br />
<a href="mailto:Briefing-book@lists.linux-foundation.org" style="color: #333333;">Briefing-book@lists.linux-<wbr></wbr>foundation.org</a><br />
<a href="https://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/briefing-book" style="color: #333333;" target="_blank">https://lists.linux-<wbr></wbr>foundation.org/mailman/<wbr></wbr>listinfo/briefing-book</a></span>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-82767358565832943172010-09-06T12:47:00.001-07:002010-09-06T12:47:28.357-07:00My NovellSuSE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDnhm5MkI1sHU3XIE61L5J3xCG3uqHq1-yobWr8BFvAxRuVuh4tWRjhzU_sEORsApMvQBmk7RdDr_e3cqCnm1JBk8rYHtmhLKoAFpjOov9UrrbG2DgSpct1dZiDW7GxMOrMDXr9kiB-xQ/s1600/Screenshot.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDnhm5MkI1sHU3XIE61L5J3xCG3uqHq1-yobWr8BFvAxRuVuh4tWRjhzU_sEORsApMvQBmk7RdDr_e3cqCnm1JBk8rYHtmhLKoAFpjOov9UrrbG2DgSpct1dZiDW7GxMOrMDXr9kiB-xQ/s320/Screenshot.png" /></a></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-25762307955895445672010-08-09T20:15:00.001-07:002010-08-09T20:15:53.320-07:00My Mint9 : first Look<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEOMfCVh7AYf1x9FJ451o7c6bGXpDRATle_p3Kyrbd11iTWVSMRM8QNR2Lh4KoT2KJRrqcujpP3gUvhr55WsF385ACo-pkOaSazZq_f4cCCmD-C-6XQ60i_7QMrUYmhFdHOOMrW8DIsM/s1600/Screenshot.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEOMfCVh7AYf1x9FJ451o7c6bGXpDRATle_p3Kyrbd11iTWVSMRM8QNR2Lh4KoT2KJRrqcujpP3gUvhr55WsF385ACo-pkOaSazZq_f4cCCmD-C-6XQ60i_7QMrUYmhFdHOOMrW8DIsM/s320/Screenshot.png" /></a></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-29854724502368121592010-08-08T03:00:00.000-07:002010-08-08T03:00:15.725-07:00ext4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4">ext4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-51086026262312119552010-08-06T18:15:00.000-07:002013-05-08T02:48:26.495-07:00History of Linux<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux/#timeline">History of Linux</a></div>
enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-2723854714315271262010-08-02T17:18:00.000-07:002010-08-02T17:18:11.895-07:00RedHat Package Manager : The Ultimate RPM Guide for Newbies!<p>Every once in awhile I find myself looking around for an rpm command to provide info on a specific thing such as displaying installed location of all files of a package that’s already been installed. Sure there is the man page but finding something from a man page is like finding a hard booger stuck way up in your nose….as you reach for it, you scratch other areas way too much and by the time you get that damn booger, you’re already bleeding from your nose!</p><p>Anyhow, didn’t mean to get so graphic talking about RPM (Redhat Package Manager). Here is a quick reference to go by when you’re dealing with RPM.</p><br />
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -ivh apache2.i386.rpm</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">Install package apache2 already download on the system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -i ftp://ftp.mynitor.com/apache-3.i386.rpm</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">You can do it with http:// as well. Simple of installing RPM from remote server.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -ev apache2</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">Uninstall apache2 package..</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -Uvh apache2-1.i386.rpm</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">Upgrade an existing package. You can also do rpm -Uvh ftp/http to fetch pkg.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm –verify apache2</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">List files that did not pass the verify tests.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -qpl apache2.i386.rpm</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">List location where RPM would be installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -ql apache2</td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">List location of files on the system where the RPM has already been installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -qi apache2</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #dcdcdc;">This one is my favorite. It displays pkg information such as version, release, installed date and much more.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #e6e6fa;"> <br />
<pre>rpm -qf /etc/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
</pre></td>
<td style="background-color: #dcdcdc;">This will tell you which package the file httpd.conf belongs to.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6e6fa;"> <br />
<pre>rpm -qa</pre></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #dcdcdc;">List all installed RPM packages on the system.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -qa –last</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #dcdcdc;">List all the recently installed RPM packages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #e6e6fa;">rpm -qR apache2.i386.rpm</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: #dcdcdc;">Outputs dependencies for the RPM.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-49328852524898387152010-08-02T17:00:00.000-07:002010-08-02T17:00:00.645-07:00Kernel 2.6.35 available for Ubuntu 10.04<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">On August 1, 2010 Linus <a href="http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/8/1/188" style="color: #ff9b2a; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">released</a> the 2.6.35 kernel. This kernel is now available in the <a class="kblinker" href="http://git.or.cz/" style="color: #ff9b2a; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="More about git »">git</a> repository of Ubuntu 10.04 and you are able to compile your own 2.6.35 kernel for Ubuntu 10.04. This kernel is backported from the Maverick kernel repository.<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span id="more-714" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></span><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Kernel Newbies has a nice overview of the new features in the 2.6.35 kernel. Their summary:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: arial, Helvetica, Utkal, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">Linux 2.6.35 includes support for transparent spreading of incoming network load across CPUs, Direct-IO support for Btrfs, an new experimental journal mode for XFS, the KDB debugger UI based on top of KGDB, improvements to ‘perf’, H.264 and VC1 video acceleration in Intel G45+ chips, support for the future Intel Cougarpoint graphic chip, power management for AMD Radeon chips, a memory defragmentation mechanism, support for the Tunneling Protocol version 3 (RFC 3931), support for multiple multicast route tables, support for the CAIF protocol used by ST-Ericsson products, support for the ACPI Platform Error Interface, and many new drivers and small improvements.</span></span><br />
<!--meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="content-type"></meta--><br />
<br />
<h2>Introduction</h2><p>This article is written for the Ubuntu-lts 2.6.35 and the Ubuntu-lts-2.6.34 kernel.</p><p><strong>git</strong><br /> <br />
I’ll be using git to get the latest kernel version. This is my favorite way to get the sources and it is in my opinion the fastest way to make changes later on when you want to update your own kernel to the latest version.<br /> <br />
I suggest adding my Launchpad repository to your system. The repository holds the latest version of git and is usually updated within a day of a new release of git, follow the instructions on the page <a href="/git-packages-for-ubuntu/" title="Git Packages for Ubuntu">Git Packages for Ubuntu</a> to add my repository. There is a version available for Lucid as well.</p><p><strong>Arch</strong><br /> <br />
I am compiling the i386 version, if you want to compile for amd64 you need replace i386 for amd64 throughout this article.</p><p><strong>Flavor</strong><br /> <br />
I choose the name core2 as the flavor name as for my personal use I’ll build a kernel for a Core2 processor. Besides the change of processor type in the configuration I also select support for 64GB as my laptop has 4GB, which is the main reason I started compiling my own kernels. I have some other changes but that’s beyond this article.</p><p>If you used my previous article you can skip to Creating a branch.</p><h2>Preparations</h2><p>Let’s get started by preparing our machine for compiling the Ubuntu Lucid kernel.<br /> <br />
Open a terminal.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">sudo</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">su</span> -
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">install</span> fakeroot build-essential
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">install</span> crash kexec-tools makedumpfile kernel-wedge
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> build-dep linux
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">install</span> git-core libncurses5 libncurses5-dev
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">install</span> libelf-dev asciidoc binutils-dev</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Create a directory where you would like to build your kernel, this directory will hold the kernel source in a sub directory and all the deb files will end up in this folder. I choose /d1/development/kernel/lucid</p><p><h2>Getting the source</h2> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">cd</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>d1<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>development<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>kernel<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>lucid
git clone git:<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">//</span>kernel.ubuntu.com<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>ubuntu<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>ubuntu-lucid.git <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">source</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">cd</span> <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">source</span></pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The source code is installed in the directory source.</p><p><strong>Creating a branch</strong><br /> <br />
If you already created a branch for the non lts 2.6.34 or 2.6.32 branch if you followed my previous arfticles make sure you use a different name for the branch created in this article or remove the branch by typing:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">git branch <span style="color: #660033;">-D</span> core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>We will create a branch in which we will be doing our modifications. That way the master branch will stay in tact which will make it a whole lot easier when we want to update our own Ubuntu Lucid kernel to a newer version.</p><p>To see all the 2.6.35 kernels available type the following command:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">git tag <span style="color: #660033;">-l</span> Ubuntu-lts-2.6.35<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">*</span></pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The Ubuntu kernel developers tag each version as Ubuntu-lts-<kernel-version> and therefore we can checkout the version we want as</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">git checkout Ubuntu-lts-2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.11</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-b</span> core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>This will create a branch called core2.</p><h2>Creating a new config</h2><p>I’ll be using the method of creating a new flavor, this adds a bit more work but you can always compile the original kernels.</p><p>We’ll use the generic flavor as the base for our own flavor being core2.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config.flavour.generic debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config.flavour.core2
fakeroot debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules clean
debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules updateconfigs</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>To make changes to the configuration file we need to edit the configuration file. The kernel developers have created a script to edit kernel configurations which has to be called through the debian/rules makefile, unfortunately you will have to go through all the flavors for this script to work properly.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules editconfigs</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The script will ask you if you want to edit the particular configuration. You should not make changes to any of the configurations until you see the core2 configuration</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">Do you want to edit config: i386/config.flavour.core2? [Y/n]</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Make your changes, save the configuration and then keep going until the script ends.</p><p>When you’re done, make a backup of the config flavor file.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config.flavour.core2 ..<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>.</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Now we need to clean up the git tree in order to get ready for compilation.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">git reset <span style="color: #660033;">--hard</span>
git clean <span style="color: #660033;">-xdf</span></pre></div></div> <br />
<h2>Getting ready for compilation</h2><p>Because we are going to be creating a new flavor based on a existing flavor (generic in my case) we need to create some extra files. During compilation the process checks the previous release for some settings, as we’re creating a local flavor it doesn’t exist in the source, so we’re creating it. The previous release in this case is 2.6.35-7.10.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">ls</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>abi</pre></div></div> <br />
<br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>abi<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.10</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>generic debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>abi<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.10</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>core2
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>abi<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.10</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>generic.modules debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>abi<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.10</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>core2.modules</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Copy our flavored configuration file back.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> ..<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config.flavour.core2 debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>config<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>i386<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span></pre></div></div> <br />
<p>We need to edit some files:</p><h3>File: debian.maverick/etc/getabis</h3><p>Search for the line:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">getall i386 generic generic-pae 386</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Change it in:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">getall i386 generic generic-pae 386 core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p></p><h3>File: debian.maverick/rules.d/i386.mk</h3><p>Search for the line:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">flavours = generic generic-pae virtual core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Change it in:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">flavours = generic generic-pae virtual core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p></p><p>We need to make the compilation process aware of our own flavor we want to compile.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">cp</span> debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>control.d<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>vars.generic debian.maverick<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>control.d<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>vars.core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>You can edit the file and make it your own.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">arch="i386 amd64"
supported="Core2"
target="Geared toward Core2 desktop systems."
desc="x86/x86_64"
bootloader="grub-pc | grub | lilo (>= 19.1)"
provides="kvm-api-4, redhat-cluster-modules, ivtv-modules, ndiswrapper-modules-1.9"</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>We need to commit our changes in the git repository.</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">git add .
git commit <span style="color: #660033;">-a</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-m</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">"Core2 modifications"</span></pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The text after -m is the message you add to your commit.</p><h2>Compilation</h2><p>It’s finally time for compiling but before we can start the compilation process there is one more step to do. I didn’t put this in the Preparations section as you need to the following step whether you make changes to the configuration or not</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">fakeroot debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules clean</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>All the packages will be created in the directory /d1/development/kernel/lucid<br /> <br />
Create independent packages:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #007800;">skipabi</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> <span style="color: #007800;">skipmodule</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> fakeroot debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules binary-indep</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The above statement will create the following deb files:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">llinux-maverick-source-2.6.35_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_all.deb
linux-maverick-doc_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_all.deb
linux-maverick-tools-common_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_all.deb
linux-headers-2.6.35-7_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_all.deb</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Create the tools packages:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #007800;">skipabi</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> <span style="color: #007800;">skipmodule</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> fakeroot debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules binary-perarch</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The above statement will create the following deb files:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">linux-maverick-source-2.6.35_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_all.deb
linux-maverick-tools-2.6.35-7_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_i386.deb</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Create the flavour depended files:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #007800;">skipabi</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> <span style="color: #007800;">skipmodule</span>=<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">true</span> fakeroot debian<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>rules binary-core2</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>The above statement will create the following deb files:</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="text" style="font-family:monospace;">linux-headers-2.6.35-7-core2_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_i386.deb
linux-image-2.6.35-7-core2_2.6.35-7.11~lucid1_i386.deb</pre></div></div> <br />
<h2>Installation</h2><p>After the compilation is finished we’ll have the above packages in the parent directory.</p><p>To install the files</p> <br />
<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">cd</span> ..
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">sudo</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">dpkg</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-i</span> linux-headers-2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7</span>-core2_2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.11</span>~lucid1_i386.deb linux-headers-2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7</span>_2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.11</span>~lucid1_all.deb linux-image-2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7</span>-core2_2.6.35-<span style="color: #000000;">7.11</span>~lucid1_i386.deb</pre></div></div> <br />
<p>Check your bootloader if the newly installed kernel is the default one, for grub check the file /boot/grub/menu.lst or if you run grub2 check /boot/grub/grub.cfg<br /> <br />
If you have the linux-tools package installed you should remove this package before installing the new tools package.</p><p>Reboot and enjoy your newly installed kernel.</p>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-88678515860250133862010-07-29T17:15:00.000-07:002010-07-29T17:15:17.874-07:00<a href="http://blog.anantshri.info/">Its a blog of my friend</a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.anantshri.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/3236408146_a7033a26ff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="http://blog.anantshri.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/3236408146_a7033a26ff.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-32354380624842662142010-07-29T17:05:00.000-07:002010-07-29T17:05:54.095-07:00Xmms karmic repo for ubuntu and mint8deb http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~knuta/xmms/karmic ./<br />
deb-src http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~knuta/xmms/karmic ./<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/XMMS-cyrillic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/XMMS-cyrillic.png" width="273" /></a></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9135880626130457425.post-8442836985272513112010-07-28T05:58:00.000-07:002010-07-28T06:04:04.820-07:00Upgrade from mint 8 to mint 9Hello All Mint User , <div><br /></div><div>Here I m sharing how to Upgrade ur Mint8 desktop to new Mint9</div><div><br /></div><div>to do this u have to replace ur mint8 repo /etc/apt/sources.list </div><div><br /></div><div>its ur Sources.list </div><div><br /></div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://packages.linuxmint.com/ helena main upstream import</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted universe multiverse</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates main restricted universe multiverse</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-security main restricted universe multiverse</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ karmic partner</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ karmic free non-free</span></div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><br /></span></div><div>replace all with newer repo soucrce</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#00CCCC;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#00CCCC;">deb http://packages.linuxmint.com/ isadora main upstream import<br />deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted universe multiverse<br />deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted universe multiverse<br />deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security main restricted universe multiverse<br />deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ lucid partner<br />deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ lucid free non-free</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><br /></span></div><div>now just run this command</div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, mono; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">and reboot .... TC</span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><br /></span></div>enrique786http://www.blogger.com/profile/11330474602356863521noreply@blogger.com0